Saturday, August 31, 2019
Characters of Noli Me Tangere
Main Characters Crisostomo Ibarra Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisostomo, is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, DonRafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra is also Maria Clara's fiance. Several sources claim that Ibarra is also Rizal's reflection: both studied in Europe and both persons believe in the same ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the local government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in the town. Maria Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly referred to as Maria Clara, is Ibarra's fiancee.She was raised by Capitan Tiago, San Diego's cabeza de barangayand is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In the later parts of the novel, Maria Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of Father Damaso, former parish curate of the town, and Dona Pia Alba, wife of Capitan Tiago. In the end she enter ed local convent for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue dealing with the fate of the characters, Rizal stated that it is unknown if Maria Clara is still living within the walls of the convent or she is already dead.The character of Maria Clara was patterned after Leonor Rivera, Rizal's first cousin and childhood sweetheart. Capitan Tiago Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname Tiago and political title Capitan Tiago is a Filipino businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head ofbarangay of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of Maria Clara. In the novel, it is said that Capitan Tiago is the richest man in the region of Binondo and he possessed real properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as a Spanish by colonialists.Capitan Tiago never attended school, so he became a domestic helper of a Dominican friar  who taught him informal education. He married Pia Alba from Santa Cruz. Padre Damaso Damaso Verdolagas, or Padre Damaso is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town. He is the real father of Maria Clara and an enemy of Crisostomo's father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he and Maria Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent.At the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead one day. In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like Padre Damaso, it means that he is a cruel but respectable individual. When one says a child is â€Å"anak ni Padre Damaso†(child of Padre Damaso), it means that the child's father's identity is unknown. Elias Elias is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elias made his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic o f Ibarra and Maria Clara and her friends. He wants to revolutionize the country and to be freed from Spanish oppression.The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elias and history of his family. In the past, Ibarra's great-grandfather condemned Elias' grandfather of burning a warehouse which led into misfortune for Elias' family. His father was refused to be married by her mother because his father's past and family lineage was discovered by his mother's family. In the long run, Elias and his twin sister was raised by their maternal grandfather. When they were teenagers, their distant relatives called them hijos de bastardo or illegitimate children.One day, his sister disappeared which led him to search for her. His search led him into different places, and finally, he became a fugitive and subversive. Pilosopong Tacio Filosofo Tacio, known by his Filipinized name Pilosopo Tasyo is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms from the governme nt, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping â€Å"that the future generations may be able to decipher it†and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors.His full name is only known as Don Anastasio. The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage) while others called him asTacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional talent for reasoning. Dona Victorina Dona Victorina de los Reyes de Espadana, commonly known as Dona Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make-up. The novel narrates Dona Victorina's younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard.Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadana, an official of the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior. However, t heir marriage is childless. Her husband assumes the title of medical doctor even though he never attended medical school; using fake documents and certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal medicine. Tiburcio's usage of the title Dr. consequently makes Victorina assume the title Dra. (doctora, female doctor). Apparently, she uses the whole name Dona Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadana, with double de to emphasize her marriage surname.She seems to feel that this awkward titling makes her more â€Å"sophisticated. †Sisa, Crispin, and Basilio Sisa, Crispin, and Basilio represent a Filipino family persecuted by the Spanish authorities: * Narcisa or Sisa is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispin. Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro. * Crispin is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the chur ch. After failing to force Crispin to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salvi and the head sacristan killed him.It is not directly stated that he was killed, but the dream of Basilio suggests that Crispin died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion. * Basilio is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. At the end of the novel, Elias wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death ground. He will later play a major role in El Filibusterismo. Due to their tragic but endearing story, these characters are often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture. Note: The Franciscan Order was shown by Rizal as hypocrites not because they were such during his time but because they are the most loved, and had significant numbers. Strategically, if one must attack the Spanish friars, the best is to attack the most popular during that time. Other characters There are a number of secondary and minor characters in Noli Me Tangere. Items indicated inside the parenthesis are the standard Filipinization of the Spanish names in the novel. * Padre Hernando de la Sibyla – a Dominican friar. He is described as short and has fair skin.He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisostomo Ibarra. * Padre Bernardo Salvi – the Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for Maria Clara. He is described to be very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his last name, â€Å"Salvi†is the shorter form of â€Å"Salvi†meaning Salvation, or â€Å"Salvi†is short for â€Å"Salvaje†meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is willing to kill an innocent child, Crispin, just to get his money back, though there was not enough evidence that it was Crispin who has stolen his 2 onzas. * El Alferez or Alperes – chief of the Guardia Civil.Mortal enemy of the priests for power in San Diego and husband of Dona Consolacion. * Dona Consolacion – wife of the Alferez, nicknamed as la musa de los guardias civiles (The muse of the Civil Guards) or la Alfereza, was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a Peninsular; best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa. * Don Tiburcio de Espadana – Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp and submissive to his wife, Dona Victorina. * Teniente Guevara – a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He reveals to Crisostomo how Don Rafael Ibarra's death came about. Alfonso Linares – A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, the would-be fiance of Maria Clara. Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law, it was later revealed that he, just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given medications of Don Tiburcio. * Tia Isabel – Capitan Tiago's cousin, who raised M aria Clara. * Governor General (Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in the novel, he is the most powerful official in the Philippines. He has great disdain for the friars and corrupt officials, and sympathizes with Ibarra. * Don Filipo Lino – vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader of the liberals. Padre Manuel Martin – he is the linguist curate of a nearby town who delivers the sermon during San Diego's fiesta. * Don Rafael Ibarra – father of Crisostomo Ibarra. Though he is the richest man in San Diego, he is also the most virtuous and generous. * Dona Pia Alba – wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of Maria Clara, she died giving birth to her daughter. In reality, she was raped by Damaso so she could bear a child. Non-recurring characters These characters were mentioned in the novel, appeared once, mentioned many times or have no major contribution to the storyline. Don Pedro Eibarramendia – the great-grandfather of Cris ostomo Ibarra who came from the Basque area of Spain. He started the misfortunes of Elias' family. His descendants abbreviated their surname to Ibarra. He died of unknown reasons, but was seen as a decaying corpse on a Balite Tree. * Don Saturnino Ibarra – the son of Don Pedro, father of Don Rafael and grandfather of Crisostomo Ibarra. He was the one who developed the town of San Diego. He was described as a cruel man but was very clever. * Salome – Elias' sweetheart.She lives in a little house by the lake, and though Elias would like to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or their children no good to be related to a fugitive like himself. In the original publication of Noli, the chapter that explores the identity of Elias and Salome was omitted, classifying her as a total non-existing character. This chapter, entitled Elias y Salome was probably the 25th chapter of the novel. However, recent editions and translations of Noli prov ides the inclusion of this chapter, either on the appendix or renamed as Chapter X (Ex). * Sinang – Maria Clara's friend.Because Crisostomo Ibarra offered half of the school he was building to Sinang, he gained Capitan Basilio's support. * Iday, Neneng and Victoria – Maria Clara's other friends. * Capitan Basilio – Sinang's father, leader of the conservatives. * Pedro – the abusive husband of Sisa who loves cockfighting. * Tandang Pablo – The leader of the tulisanes (bandits), whose family was destroyed because of the Spaniards. * El hombre amarillo (apparently means â€Å"yellowish person,†named as Taong Madilaw) – One of Crisostomo Ibarra's would-be assassins. He is not named in the novel, and only described as such.In the novel, he carved the cornerstone for Ibarra's school. Instead of killing Ibarra, he was killed by his cornerstone. * Lucas – the brother of the taong madilaw. H e planned a revolution against the government with Ibarra as the leader after he was turned down by Ibarra. He was said to have a scar on his left cheek. He would later be killed by the Sakristan Mayor. * Bruno and Tarsilo – a pair of brothers whose father was killed by the Spaniards. * Nor Juan (Nol Juan) – appointed as foreman of the school to be built by Ibarra * Capitana Tika (Rustica) – Sinang's mother and wife f Capitan Basilio. * Albino – a former seminarian who joined the picnic with Ibarra and Maria Clara. Was later captured during the revolution. * Capitana Maria Elena – a nationalist woman who defends Ibarra of the memory of his father. * Capitan Tinong and Capitan Valentin – other known people from the town of San Diego. * Sacristan Mayor – The one who governs the altar boys and killed Crispin for his accusation. * Hermano Pedro, Hermana Rufa, Hermana Sipa, Hermana Juana – Some of the p ersons included in the Chapter 18. These persons were talking about indulgencia plenaria.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Hate Crimes Essay
The subject of hate crimes has to the highest degree had an affect on the way in which people socialize with each other on a regular basis. The basic definition of a hate crime is just about any act of violent behavior or vocal laceration of a human being simply on the basis of his or her race, spiritual belief, or his or her sexuality. A vast number of other bases that have an influence on hate crime have been introduced which are dependants upon guiding principle in written laws. The problem of abhorrence has absolutely overwhelmed every single one of us with queries and wished-for responses on how and why a number of of these blasphemous acts have taken place in front of the entire world. It is usually believed by people that the hate is not endorsed but erudite by means of the background of a person in particular environments. Several other factors are believed to be stirring this emotion as well. These are inclusive of the placement of a person in society, devout practices, and antagonism in the business ways. Analysis Violent behavior aggravated by a partiality in opposition to victims’ distinctiveness which are inclusive of race, faith, cultural background, nationalized basis, sexual category, or sexual orientation, are problems that have posed an issue to the entire community. The Federal law has defined a hate crime as at whatever time a fatality is assaulted on the foundation of his or her race, civilization, religious conviction, sexual orientation, or sexual characteristics; hate wrongdoings are made in opposition to constituents of a meticulous group basically due to their association to that group. Statistics show to us that at a time when in one year about nine thousand one hundred hate crimes took place, â€Å"a review of the data by incident showed that all but 4 of the incidents were classified as single-bias (involving only one bias motivation). A breakdown of the single-bias incidents by the type of bias revealed that 51. 4 percent were motivated by racial bigotry, 17. 9 percent were caused by religious intolerance, 16. 6 percent were the result of a sexual-orientation bias, and 13. 7 percent were triggered by an ethnicity/national origin bias. The remainder involved a bias against a disability. †(FBI Releases, 2004). There is no guarantee that hate crimes can ever be stopped. But there are certain steps that can be taken so as to stop such heinous crimes from taking place. First of all, the Federal Laws need to be adjusted as they do not take in sexual orientation as a hate crime. What else is that The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) should be made tougher with stronger punishments so that people would be scared of the law (Hate Crimes, 2006). Another very important aspect is that every single hate crime must be reported to the higher authorities as if the sufferer does not speak up when the crime has taken place, the offender just might be able to strike back at him or her or perhaps someone who belongs to the sufferers’ base of being attacked. Criminal justice administrators and state policy makers should come to become conscious that it is necessary to create or regulate hate crime legislation. This is an issue that has undergone much debate since a long time. The answer to resolving the ever-growing predicament of hate crimes is additional hate crime legislation. Conclusion The word â€Å"Hate Crime†is perhaps a rather expansive term that holds the basic meaning that hate crime is any offense where the executors’ narrow-mindedness in opposition to an individual collection of people is a feature in having an influence upon who would be the victim. These can be inclusive of race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation etc. the profile of a hate crime offender can vary at all times as they usually appear to be innocent people. The rules against hate crimes need to be stricter so as to help decrease the crime.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Blue Ocean Strategy and the Indian Education System
Blue Ocean Strategy and the Indian Education System Indias present economic standing – both in its limited successes and its myriad failures – is to a large extent a reflection of its education system. We take pride in the success of a few individuals who pass out from the elitist institutions in the country. The million others who have succumbed to the mediocrity of the education system are lost in the crowd. If we look at some of the statistics, we see that: Although there is 90% enrolment at the primary level, even after 5 years of schooling , students fail basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills. The dropout rate till students reach high school is about 90% Of the total number of students who complete graduation or post graduation, the percentage of students who are employable is quite dismal. Stark statistics reveal the oversupply of raw graduates and the undersupply of employable graduates. If we look at flaws in the system, we can see that the main reason for these failures could be attributed to: Government Monopoly Politics and Bureaucracy The system has become ineffective, inefficient, and irrelevant. BLUE OCEAN OF EDUCATION: Thus if we look at it, the education sector in our country is currently in the red ocean category, with all institutions trying to fit in the same mould. In order to create an uncontested space of equal opportunity and holistic learning, some of the factors in the ERRC grid that can be included is as follows: Eliminate: Examinations: Examinations are just a means of passing to move on to the next level. The knowledge gained is not effectively measurable by the level of examinations conducted. Rote Learning: Students also have difficulty applying the knowledge for practical use because the emphasis is to encourage memory work and discourage creativity and innovation. Reduce: Lectures: The method of conducting lectures in most institutions seems to be pretty outdated with the lectures mostly being one sided. The number of students in most of the classes is too hu ge and this leads to the lectures being a monologue rather than a dialogue between the teacher and the student. The lecture method also assumes that all students come with the same level of knowledge and understanding about the subject and have equal interest to know more about the same Raise: Curriculum focussed attuned to students’ interests: The curriculum taught in schools should be more upto date and relevant to what the students would like to learn rather than what the faculty is comfortable teaching. There should be different modes of learning, different teaching tools and techniques used. The curriculum should be inclusive rather than exclusive. It should cater to students with different learning capabilities and should also address both academic as well as non-academic student interests. The focus should be on practical approach as much as giving importance to sound theoretical background of subjects. The curricula should be flexible and cut across disciplines with e mphasis on learning through collaboration. Problem Solving and Decision Making are key parameters that should be inculcated in the curricula as well. Industry Relevance of Courses offered:
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
My role in the family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
My role in the family - Essay Example As such, my family has seen me develop into a caring person, who looks at the rest of the world as part of a larger family, such that the family’s needs to have its interest put first for the benefit of all. In addition to this family environment, the warm and caring environment has created in me a strong sense of interest in other people so that I understand them better and try to get along with them, which appears to be more of an outgoing character trait in me. As a result, the warm cocoon created by the family has developed a socially well-rounded girl capable of interacting with anyone in the society without problems. My family has contributed to my personality by ensuring that everyone in the family has a role to play in everyday activities or duties. In the family duties, everyone is assigned a task that he/she must fulfill before a given time. Moreover, in collective duties, we all work together towards a common goal, while in the individual tasks each one of the famil y members runs his or her own duty. Thus, my family has seen me grow substantially towards responsibilities in a way that could not have happened in their absence as it has allowed me to enjoy in partaking my duties. As a result, I am a responsible person who does not wait for other people to do things for me, but I instead take care of my own business.In addition, another way in which my family has developed my personality is through the entire family led by my parents to handle our share of problems collectively.
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
I have assignment to paraphrase 4 pages of a debate that we had. I Essay
I have assignment to paraphrase 4 pages of a debate that we had. I have it but I need to paraphrase it with keeping the meaning and the main points - Essay Example There exists a debate between two opposing camps; Liberals and Conservatives. The Conservatives feel that the government is too big already and should therefore desist from engaging in the provision of social services to those in need. In other words, the provision is such a big problem that the government alone cannot handle. Their claim is based on the fact that the government’s services are bloated with bureaucratic procedures which means that time is severely wasted. In addition, the lack of competition also implies the lack of incentives to provide better services and more waste of limited resources. Yet again, Conservatives believe that government efforts could contribute to the establishment of a social welfare state which soon ushers socialism, and matures into communism. The other camp however believes that social services involve providing solutions to a monumental problem – a task that can only be accomplished by a â€Å"big†government. In other words, liberals believe that the problem of poverty can only be solved through government intervention. The following debate on Social services is based to a wide extent on the thirteenth chapter of Kindle, Midgley, Browns and Karger’s book, Controversial Issues in Social Policy. Based on a debate arises between people who believe social welfare is a government’s affair and the people who think that it is too big a problem for the government to handle alone 1. Since Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are not likely to change with changes in political activities for instance when there is an election and there is a change in political leadership, they are best suited to offer social services. The government will call for bids from private organizations to offer required services and with a well laid down criteria. The government may then chose the organization that best qualifies to provide social services with due regard to
Monday, August 26, 2019
Pen Marked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Pen Marked - Essay Example This discussion is an application of the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case memo or case study. Before applying the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case study, it would be important to outline the benefits of critical thinking. Browne and Keeley (2014) notes that critical thinking helps individuals react decisively, review and critic a presented material. In this respect, applying critical thinking in Penn-Mart memo forms the basis for its review and criticism. Based on the writers articulation of ideas and conclusions, the reader can either accept or reject the presented material. The first step of critical thinking as presented by Browne and Keeeley (2014) is identification of the issue and conclusion of the subject matter. In other words, this step involves identification of the argument, hypothesis and the projected or anticipated communication. To identifying the issue, Browne and Keeley (2014) advises that one ought to reflect and raise questions in regards to what the writer is responding or reacting to. In this respect, the issue in Penn-Marts case is the escalating expenditure in terms of healthcare benefits for the employees. Conversely, there must also be the identification of the conclusion in critical thinking. This involves a reflection on what the author of the material is seeks to establish (Browne and Keeley, 2014). In this case, the conclusion of Penn-Mart case can be deduced from the objective of the proposed "Get Well" program. It is the belief of the writer that improving employees awareness of their individual health status and subsequent ly assisting them identify health problems that could be alleviated or lessened by means of individual improvement approaches would significantly reduce the costs incurred by Penn-Mart through healthcare benefits. The writer clearly defines the issue and conclusion. The second step of critical thinking is identification of the rationale (Browne and Keeley, 2014). This
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Accurate Business Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Accurate Business Forecasting - Essay Example The paper analyses the aftermath of a poor forecasting and the success of good forecasting. It explains aspects concerning the platform of business operation, the means for executing the operation, and the levels of desired achievement. It details survival methodologies in a changing market and political scenario. It gives a macro outlook towards the key indicators that should be considered before venturing into a business on building construction. It encompasses almost all vital areas of business that play a role for the success and growth of the company. Why is Business forecasting important when we cannot predict the future? The answer to the question is to evaluate risks that can arise from every angle and prepare to counter them and reduce damage to business as much as possible. However, there is no forecast that is 100% right. All business forecasters strive to achieve the 99.9%. There is another side to the coin here. A business ventured with no sense of forecast can be a total failure at a very early stage. In other words forecasting sets goals for a business. The company strives for its goal and carries out its task according to a well-drawn plan based on the forecast. Building construction is an industry, which involves high amount of planning, huge capital, and careful execution .... Broadly, the company needs to analyze and accurately forecast the following three factors. Firstly, Market analysis and trend forecast. Secondly, Forecast of the company's top line and bottom line numbers, the so-called targets for growth on quality and quantity. Thirdly, Financial Analysis and the prediction of the underlying changes in the macro economy. Market Analysis and Trend forecast: This is the central nervous system of any construction company. As a start up company, it is very important to select the area of operation or to be precise the exact geography, where they propose to start and speed up business. Estimating the current demand for construction, and what would be the expected demand for future construction and the growth of competition. Market analysis and trend forecast (continued) 4 What will be the expected turn in the market condition in the geography of operation, the availability of land, the expected market potential, and how much of the pie will the company own in the future. 'Pioneer builders' a construction company chose nearly four years ago analyzed the market trend in the state of California and picked San Diego as its base of operation, as it could not afford stiff competition in cities like Los Angeles. The city of San Diego had good potential for future construction especially, a rising demand for residential construction. The company analyzed and focused its target segment and was able to drive sales and reap profits in their first project, based on the market forecast. Soon they acquired land for combined residential construction and the growing demand in the city got them better business. The company had analyzed data of almost six different prospective cities
History of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
History of the Internet - Essay Example The first run with the Internet was on October 29, 1969 between computers at Stanford and UCLA, making these computers the first to be connected on the network known as Arpanet. â€Å"The first message sent across the network was supposed to be ‘Login’, but the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter ‘g’ (Ryan, 2010).†Far from being fazed, computer specialists worked on fixing the problem and perfecting their concept of the Internet. By 1970, Harvard, MIT and BBN found themselves connected to one another through their computers; in 1971, email was being introduced, allowing schools and businesses to communicate with each other through computer networking. It was in 1974 that the Internet that we are familiar with now began to really take off. During this year, it was proposed that the various computers on the Arpanet network should be connected to one another. Due to this, it was determined that the network should have a purpose if numero us computers could access it, and thus the bulletin board system was designed, which would allow for messages to be displayed on a page and be accessed by others on the network. This brought to light the concept of being able to share information between separate computers on the same network.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Hedging risk exposure and arbitrage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Hedging risk exposure and arbitrage - Term Paper Example Some of the methods include hedging or diversification of risks (Madura, 2014). The investors should choose the best option cautiously not only to eliminate the risk but also to maximize revenue. This document evaluates put option as a hedging strategy in a simulation scenario. Hedging is concurrent acquisition and sale of two equivalent securities having different maturity period with the expectation of gaining from the consequent movements the price of those securities (Bouzoubaa & Osseiran, 2010, p. 78). The investors hold stocks with the expectation that at one point they will be able to sell the stock at a higher price to cover the transaction cost and other cost of holding the stock such as inflation cost (Bingham & Kiesel, 2004). The stocks are sold at a premium, but the sales may have to be delayed. The unit value of stock after price appreciation is equivalent to the marginal cost of holding that security. Anticipation of price increase in the stock value will result to an increase in the current price of the stock (Madura, 2014, p. 342). By hedging the stock investors commit to taking a minimum value of the stock and avoid making loss in case, the value of the underlying security goes below the future value of the contract. However, the hedger risk losing profit in case the value of the stocks exceeds the future contract value. It is imperative to note that the individual’s decision to hedge security does not affect the market condition because the investor transfers the risk to a willing speculator who buys a security. Also, when an investor purchases a security with anticipation that their prices will raise in the future that result in the transfer of risk from the seller to the buyer of the stocks (Madura, 2014, p. 242). However, investors accept risk premium in order to hedge their securities. The implication of risk premium is the fact that the investor has to sell
Friday, August 23, 2019
Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14
Ethics - Essay Example Similarly theory of circular logic postulates that the conclusion is almost identical to its hypothesis. A. Psychological egoism explains that the determining motive of every voluntary action is a desire for ones own welfare. The fallacy exists in this theory because this theory believes that others conceal their motive just for gaining self benefit which is not at all true in several contexts. Another fallacy lies in hasty generalization. For example, several people conduct their duty when their self-interest lies elsewhere and help someone in need without thinking of self-gain. Some people will follow religious precepts without personal benefit. Some people will even act against their self-interest so that they can follow their conscience. They do whats right even though they wont personally benefit. The concept of ethical egoism being consistent and complete are strong points. This holds good in several contexts. Universal ethical egoism, individual ethical egoism, and rule based ethical egoism can be considered as strong versions as they explain the logical basis for personal actions. Weak version of ethical egoism: However the concept of ethical egoism is incomplete in several contexts which is its weak point. In those occasions ethical egoism is mistaken in truth or inconsistent or incomplete. Ethical egoism is contradictory because it evaluates the same act as both right and wrong i.e. the concept is mistaken in truth; it is inconsistent. Ethical egoism is defined as an inherent desire to perform altruistic acts where as psychological egoism is defined as an inherent selfishness of all acts. Ethical egoism differs from psychological egoism mostly on account of the various ways of viewing altruism (EN 1 and EN 2). Ethical egoism prioritizes on what ought to be, rather than what is where as psychological egoism gives more importance to â€Å"what is†. Several theories of motivation were postulated and they
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Mad or Bad Essay Example for Free
Mad or Bad Essay Are murderers suffering from mental illness or simply evil? The question of whether murderers are suffering from psychiatric illness or are just simply evil is a debate that runs rife throughout not only the psychological community, but society as a whole. Murders are rare events in Australia; nevertheless they do occur. The media coverage of such events can be extensive and often dramatized, without addressing the potential underlying processes such as mental health and/or intoxicating influences that may contribute to such antisocial behaviour. Presented will be a focus on those underlying factors such as mental health and substance abuse, psychopathy will also be critically examined to draw the conclusion that murderers behaviour cannot be excluded as bad even if a mental health issue is present at the time of offence. The question of whether murderers are suffering from psychiatric illness or are just simply evil is a debate that runs rife throughout not only the psychological community, but society as a whole. Murders are rare events in Australia; nevertheless they do occur. The media coverage of such events can be extensive and often dramatized, without addressing the potential underlying processes such as mental health and/or intoxicating influences that may contribute to such antisocial behaviour. To understand and determine whether or not murderers are mad or just bad, the defining terms of â€Å"mental illness†and â€Å"evil†are imperative. The psychological definition of mental illness is â€Å"any of various disorders in which a persons thoughts, emotions, or behaviour are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself, herself, or other people†(Oxford dictionary. 2012) and on the other hand evil is defined as the â€Å"quality or an instance of being morally wrong; causing harm or injury†(Oxford dictionary. 2012). It is vital that we differentiate these terms as often the media portrayal of murderers is only based on the evil quality without considering other possible underlying influences that may provide further explanations for behaviour. In arguing the differentiation of the mad from the bad, this paper will discuss homicide in Australia and how it differs, address influences such as mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse and provide an overview of psychopathy to murder. Homicide in Australia is a rare event, and is among the most serious of all crimes, unfortunately however, it does occur. The term ‘homicide’ refers to a person killed (unlawfully); a murder is the willful killing of a person either intentionally or with reckless indifference to life (Hayes ;amp; Prenzler, 2009). In 2007-08 there were 260 homicide incidents in Australia involving the deaths of 273 victims. In trend terms however, this rate at which homicide occurs remains at an historical low. Within Australia, most homicides were domestic homicides involving one or more victims, who shared a family or domestic relationship with the offender, furthermore intimate partner homicides comprised the largest proportion of domestic homicides at 60%; leaving stranger homicide relatively low at 12%. The vast majority of victims of homicide died from stab wounds than from any other single cause of death. Secondly, victims died as a result of a gunshot wound. Although the vast majority of victims died as a result of stab wounds for domestic and acquaintance homicides, for stranger homicides the most frequently recorded cause of death was beatings at 53% (Virueda ;amp; Payne, 2010). The social context of most homicides suggests they are likely to occur between people who are generally from similar backgrounds and socio-economic groups (Hayes ;amp; Prenzler, 2009). Importantly, the location of a homicide is largely influenced by the type of homicide, with domestic homicides accounting for the largest proportion, majority occurred within a residential location most often the victims’ home; however occasionally in the offenders. In order to understand the factors or situations that are likely to precipitate a homicide event, the motives behind such behaviour must be acknowledged, although assigning a single reason or motive may be difficult because the reasons or lack thereof may be varied and complicated. Relating alcohol, drugs and psychiatric illness to homicide is key to understanding potential situational causes of murder and whether the offender is mad or bad. Given that domestic homicides were the largest category of homicide, the 2007-08 data shows that domestic arguments were the most commonly recorded motive. The second most frequently recorded motive was alcohol related arguments which was identified as having preceded two in five homicides in 2007-08. Another intoxicating influence which could lead to explain such behaviour was illicit drug use; found in one in five homicide ncidents in the reported year alone (Virueda ;amp; Payne, 2010). For the continued differentiation of the mad from the bad it is crucial to compare motives, only seven homicides occurred as a result of the offender suffering from mental health which is a considerable decrease compared to domestic argument or alcohol related offences. Although homicides caused due to the offender suffering from mental health issues is not the most predominant cause, is this due to the homicide being explained primarily due to a form of substance abuse therefore categorizing the offence as an alcohol related argument. Bennett et al. 2011) argues that patients with schizophrenia are signi? cantly more likely than those in the general community to commit homicide offences. Although based on the Homicide in Australia: 2007–08 National Homicide Monitoring Program annual report, this has been disproved based on statistical findings. Interestingly, 39. 5% of the homicide offenders with schizophrenia had a known substance abuse (Bennett et al. , 2011). The question, however, arises as to whether the link between schizophrenia and having committed homicide is in fact explained primarily by substance abuse and whether previous criminality also plays a role (Mullen, 2000). Soyka et al. (1992) puts forward the idea that alcohol or drug abuse could cause schizophrenia like psychosis which would be a major underlying process to offenders’ behaviour. The use of illicit substances by people with schizophrenia is markedly in excess of rates among the general population (Jablensky et al. , 2000). Cannabis is the most commonly used drug, followed by amphetamines. (REF) There is little doubt that illicit substances such as cannabis and amphetamines can cause acute psychotic symptoms, it is also clear that some people are more vulnerable to the effects of drugs such as cannabis (Arseneault et al. 2004) In terms of people with an established psychotic illness, illicit substances tend to result in a worsening of psychotic symptoms. This could potentially prove to be a major underlying factor to offenders who are suffering from mental health issues. A more contentious issue to consider when relating psychiatric illness to murder is whether illicit drug use can actually cause schizophrenia. There is considerable evidence that the use of methamphetamine can induce a picture that is very similar to that of positive symptoms of schizophrenia; in most cases, the symptoms clear once the drug taking ceases (Fergusson et al. 2005). This provides a substantial flaw to deciding whether a murder is suffering from mental illness or is simply evil as the mental illness may only be triggered due to intoxicating influences such as drug and alcohol use. The major limitation when relating psychiatric illness and substance abuse to homicide offenders are that there are many variables which are not strongly scientifically supported, as well as the diagnosis of the offenders mental health being diagnosed before or after the event has occurred. Psychopathy is a very in-depth and controversial disorder that is vital to comprehend when related to acts of murder. Many argue that psychopaths are not morally responsible because they lack some of the essential capacities for morality, they are considered by some to be both mad and bad however the insanity defense is not applicable to psychopaths. Psychopaths do not meet the insanity criteria as legal and moral responsibility stand as separate categories. Maibom (2008) explains that psychopaths do have impairments in a range of abilities but not to an extent that we should expect them to be unable to acquire any deep moral understanding, it may however be that they lack substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongness of their actions. When linking psychopathy to acts of murder and deciphering the argument of mad or bad, a major factor must be taken into consideration; murders by psychopaths compared to insanity cases, are not committed while in the grips of a hallucination or delusion (Maibom. ,2008). With psychopathy being considered a moral disorder and the relevant action of the circumstances under which it is performed, it again appears to be a bad action more than a mad action. Duff (1977) states that â€Å"a psychopath cannot understand the nature and quality of his actions, or the lives and interests of those around him; he cannot control his actions in the light of any rational concerns or values, not because his impulses are strictly irresistible, but because he has no conception of rational values as providing reasons for action. †(p. 199). It is argued by Maibom (2008) that the disorder that psychopaths experience and the sorts of murders they perpetrate are better examples of badness rather than madness. This is supported by his factor of psychopathic murder being preponderantly instrumental in nature, and by the offender seeking to gain from the offence in some way or other. On the contrary, recent research by a behavioural neuroscientist, Dr Kiehl has presented an attempt to understand a psychopaths’ brain functions. In a study, Dr Kiehl focused on a male offender charged with the brutal rape and murder of a seven-year-old girl, he performed two types of analysis on the offenders brain; focusing on the density and its function. Kiehls’ findings showed very low levels of density in the para-limbic system of the offenders’ brain. This scientifically supports the definition of a psychopath and their inability to process emotion to a normal degree. The major limitation of psychopathy is that there is minimal scientific research or empirical findings to clearly state whether they are in fact mad or bad, although based on the material that has been reviewed, the murders psychopaths perpetrate are better examples of bad acts than of madness. Based on all the reviewed literature discussed above, it is likely that murderers commit offences that are better examples of badness opposed to madness. As statistically found, the highest amount homicides were those of domestic and alcohol related arguments, with motives for the causation of such behaviour, many of which were not committed while the offender was delusional or having a hallucination. This provides reason to believe offenders were aware of their actions and the unlawful aspect of their behaviour however, committed the offence. Major limitations proved throughout this essay, as murders are often situational and need to be thoroughly investigated in their own context. Further research needs to be conducted as mental illness and substance abuse often overlap which is a potential flaw when categorizing offenders. In conclusion, murderers’ behaviour cannot be excluded as bad even if a mental health issue is present at the time of offence, the mental health aspect simply provides a potential reason for, and is used when prosecuting the offender.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
The Equal Opportunity In Education Education Essay
The Equal Opportunity In Education Education Essay Thesis Statement: The most challenging issue in Indonesia now is equality opportunity in education, especially for Indigenous People. There is the complicate problem which is faced by government to provide Indigenous People with the equal opportunity in education. Furthermore, Government has obligations to make education available, accessible, acceptable, and adaptable. Although Government has allocated 20% budgetary as stated on Constitution to improve both quality and quantity of education for people, Indigenous People can not access it properly. The consequence is that indigenous people has difficulty to take a part of development country generally. 2. Body Indigenous people are inclusive of original tribe in Indonesia. Base on statistic, the amount of them is estimated around 2 million. Detached tribe or indigenous people will be the complex social problem in global development change while at the same time of they are urged progressively because of the alteration forest function effect; in this situation they are forced to make contact directly with the governmental and common society. Actually, Government believe that indigenous people are potential society for the aims of integration nation and development, so that is required to develop them properly, such as the equal opportunity in education. 2.1. Migrating Behaviour 2.1.1. The indigenous people are backwardness society whom live in isolated place and move from place to place in small group (Sirimorok, 2008). 2.2. Motivation of Indigenous People to Study 2.2.1. Indigenous people desired knowledge, but failed to realize their goals because their nomadic life in the forest limits opportunities for education, furthermore in order to help their parents with traditional duties (Arizal, 2008). 2.3. Villagers Perspective of Indigenous People 2.3.1. Custom community is often viewed Indigenous People as uncivilized and wild society (Napitupulu, 2009). 2.4. The Government Strategy to Support Indigenous People Obtaining the Equal Opportunity in Education 2.4.1. The Education System based on Local Wisdom The local wisdom education is an education method being based on contiguity of experience (Dunia Anak Rimba, 2009). 3. Conclusion Government have to conduct the system education based on indigenous people requirement and local wisdom. It will involve them to participate in development and encourage maintaining the culture and tradition as State asset of indigenous people. 4. Bibliography Arizal, J. (2008, Oct 10). Jambis Kubu Tribes People Hope for Positive Change Through Education. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/10/15/jambi039s-kubu-tribespeople-hope-positive-change-education.html. Dunia Anak Rimba. (2009). Sekilas Sekolah Rimba (In a Flash of Jungle School). Retrieved from http://perpustakaanrimba.wordpress.com. Napitupulu, E., L. (2009, August 11). Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Tidak Menghargai Hak Anak-anak Suku Terasing (National Education System is never Esteem Indigenous Children Rights). Retrieved from http://www.tribunpekanbaru.com. Prasetijo (2009). Paradigma Pemerintah dari Masyarakat Terasing ke Komunitas Adat Terpencil (Governmental Paradigm from Detached Society to Cloistered Custom Community). Retrieved from http://prasetijo.wordpress.com. Sirimorok, N. (2008, Sept 08). Mansur Samin, The Predecessor of Andrea Hirata. Retrieved from http://www.panyingkul.com/view.php?id=958jenis=kabarkita.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Case study: Emotions in the workplace
Case study: Emotions in the workplace Emotions are essential to humans as they permeate almost every aspect of our lives insofar as they guide our behaviour to fit with contextual demands. Emotions also motivate change and facilitate learning. They inform us when to fight or flight and serve as fundamental social functions. (Gross, 1999). As emotions are fundamental social functions, all emotional events are situations that are relevant to a persons well being. The type of event varies according to their valence (positive versus negative) and according to the strength of subjective feelings and physical reactions that they elicit in a person. There has been a number of studies that focus on the components and the importance of emotions. Existing research however lacks the events that cause emotional experiences. This research will focus on understanding the events that and the type of emotional experiences this will cause. Components of Emotions Emotion which is a term used widely in everyday language, constitutes a hypothetical construct, i.e., a conceptual and operational definition of an underlying phenomenon that constitutes the object of theory and research. Most modern emotion theorists have adopted a componential approach to emotion, suggesting that an emotion episode consists of coordinated changes in several components. Most of the theories in the field of recognise that emotion and cognition are intertwined. But emotion is not simply a cognitive process (Frijda, 1988) It is actually recognised as being: a psychological construct consisting of several aspects of components: a) the component of cognitive appraisal or evaluation of stimuli and situations, b) the physiological component of acitivation or arousal, c) the component of motor expression, d) the motivational component, including behaviour intentions or behaviour readiness, and c) the component of motor expression, d) the motivational component, including behaviour intentions or behaviour readiness and e) the component of subjective feeling state. (Scherer, 1984). Psychological arousal: This can be defined as physiological changes such as temperature sensations, respiratory and cardiovascular accelerations and decelerations, trembling muscle spasms, as well as feelings of constrictions in internal organs, are frequently part of emotion descriptions. (Ekman et al., 1983; Frijda, 1986; Stemmler, 2004). These neurophysiological changes in emotional episodes are generally attributed to (1) th emotion eliciting event disturbing ongoing homeostatic regulation and the smooth behavioural coordination, and (2) the preparation of appropriate adaptive responses (e.g., producing the necessary energy for appropriate actions such as fight or flight). Motor Expression: Facial and vocal expression, as well as gestures and posture during emotion episodes are generally considered to be central motor components of emotion (Ekman, 1984,1992; Izard, 1971). Darwin (1872/1998) conceptualized expression rudiments of formerly adaptive behaviours (e.g., clenching ones teeth as a rudiment of a biting response). In response, emotion researchers have highlighted the communicative functions of emotion expressions, informing others of an individuals reaction and its corresponding behaviour patterns. (Ekman, 1992; Frijda, 1986; Scherer, 1984; Tomkins, 1962). Subjective Feeling Individuals verbally report a multitude of qualitatively different feelings, using a rich emotion vocabulary. These internal sensations, often considered as necessarily conscious experiences, constitute irreducible qualities of feeling unique to the specific emotional experience of a particular individual (Frijda, 1986; Lazarus, 1991; Ortony Turner, 1990). The feeling component of emotion can be conceptualized as a reflection of all changes in components during an emotion episode, i.e., the results of event appraisal, motivational change, and proprioceptive feedback from motor expression and physiological reactions. It is important to define differentially the concepts in this fashion, as the tendency to use emotion (the process as a whole) and feeling (one of its components) as a synonyms results in confusion. (Scherer, 2000) Behaviour Preparation Emotion theories of an explicitly componential persuasion have explicitly postulated a motivational function of emotional responses in the form of behaviour preparation or action tendencies (Frijda, 1986: Scherer, 1984). Emotions interrupt ongoing goal-directed behaviour and produce action tendencies that are specifically adapted to dealing with the environmental contingency that has elicited the emotional response. Importantly this component of emotion generally prepares a general behaviour readiness as well as several alternative action tendencies allowing the organism to choose according to context and strategic considerations. Cognitive processes Emotions also have a cognitive component. This component consists of the appraisal processes that drive the coordinated changes in the components described above. Proponents of appraisal theories of emotion suggest that emotional reactions are determined by the subjective evaluation of events with respect to their significance for the well-being and goal attainment of individuals. (Scherer, 2004) In addition, emotions often have strong effects on perceptual and cognitive processes such as attention, thinking, memory, problem solving, judgement, decision making and the like. (Dalgleish et al. 1999) Furthermore it is important to understand the valence of emotions, hence various researchers have done research on everyday emotional experiences e.g. Boucher, Brandstatter Eliasz, Oately Duncan, Scherer Tannenbaum, Scherer, as well as Wallbott, Summerfield. This research has shown that the most frequent occurring emotional events are generally associated with relationships with other people (eg. Partner, family, friends), work-related situations, attainment of personal goals and life changes. Positive emotional events may include birth of a child, receiving a present, attending a concert or getting a job. Negative emotional events encompass critical situations, such as arguing with a close friend, learning that a family member is ill etc. (Scherer, 2004). Emotions link structure and agency, meaning that they are the link between social structure and social acting. (Barbalet, 2002). A widely held view in contemporary emotion psychology is that emotions or at least a core subset of emotions, are organised patterns of more or less specific cognitive, experimental, behavioural (action-related), expressive, and physiological components. This assumption which is frequently motivated by the hypotheses about the evoluntary origin and biological function of emotions is the common denominator of syndrome theories of emotion and it is shared by authors of otherwise fairly different theoretical persuasions. (Ekman, 1992; Izard 1977) This has an impact on how emotions can either distort individuals perceptions by imparing judgement and biasing information retrieval, or they can improve the accuracy of individuals perceptions by highlighting what is important and what is at stake. (Seo Barrett, 2007). In studies of escalation of commitment, emotions appeare to have a direct influence on the decision of whether to persist or withdraw from a failing situation. An example of this can be demonstrated by Wong and Kwong (2006) where it was demonstrated that the desire to escape the unpleasant emotions people during a decision-making dilemma can lead to de-escalation of commitment. In contrast, a study by Wong and Kwong (2007) found that the possibility of feeling regret can cause people to increase escalation of commitment. The importance of emotions in the workplace Organisations involve complex relationships that are interdependent often competitive and compulsory. Employees must often interact with a range of people not necessarily of their choosing. A hierarchical relationships normally characterises most organisations which includes status differences that are primarily caused by an emotional response. ( Tiedens, 2001) In organisations, employees learn what is expected and what is acceptable by means of social norms (Bettenhausen Murnighan, 1991; Chatman Barsade, 1995; Salancik Pfeffer, 1978). One type of organisation norm involves the emotions expressed by employees in the workplace (Kelly Barsade, 2001; Rafaeli Worline, 2001). Though almost all situations have implicit expectations concerning which emotions are appropriate or inappropriate to express (Ekman, 1973), employees frequently display certain emotions in the workplace in reaction to organisational-specific situations or events (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995; Martin, Knopoff Beckman, 1998) and as a way of fulfilling their work roles (Hochchild, 1983; Rafaeli Sutton, 1991; Sutton, 1991; Van Maanent Kunda, 1989). There is consistent evidence that the expression of certain emotions or at least of some specific response components for example, anger, fear, enjoyment, sadness and disgust the infamous basic emotions is distinctive and universal among the human species. (Ekman, 1993). The expression of other emotions, sometimes dubbed social or self-conscious emotions, such as shame, guilt, grief or embarrassment, does not seem to be universal, although patterns of expression are highly consistent within a socio-cultural setting. It seems patterns of expression are highly consistent within a socio-cultural setting. It seems that in whatever way the different expressions of these emotions may have evolved, as long as individuals stay in the cultural or social structure setting they were socialized in, they are on the safe side when it comes to interpreting emotion expressions. Thus, emotion expressions are a potent signaling device capable of conveying clues that allow the mutual attribution of un derlying feeling states. Moreover, emotion expressions also allow the inference of other corresponding mental states that are constituent for the emotion expressed. These attributions function as mechanisms that reduce social complexity and intercept double contingency circuits. They furthermore allow forseeing the consequences of an emotion for individual behaviour, the course of interaction, and the overall group behaviour. (Hortsmann 2003). This explains the reason why emotion expression may influence decision making. This is done by shaping individuals beliefs about the social environment (Baron, 1992). An emotion can be like a perceptual lens to determine what is potentially threatening to an individual in a particular situation hence determining a belief about the social environment. As the decision making is context is marked by uncertainty, decision makers behaviour is likely to be strongly influenced by cues in the social environment (Taylor, 1979). Through experience one will be able to understand and display certain emotion expressions. This is as a result of individuals being able to shape employees beliefs about what is expected, what is acceptable, and the possible consequences of things going wrong. In this way, emotion expression norms have a direct influence on decision making behaviour. These norms help influence beliefs about the social environment. It has been further proven that individuals are more sensitive to negative cues than to positive ones (Rozin Royzman, 2001). Further negative cues elicit stronger affective and behavioural reactions than do positive ones (Cacioppo, Gardner, Berntson, 1999). Experience and expression of negative emotions drive people to avoid situations that could lead to negative outcomes, such as threats and failure (Carver, 2001; Higgens, 1997). Based on above some it is in can be deduced that employees learn what is acceptable by means of social norms (Bettenhausen Murinighan, 1991; Chatman Barsade, 1995; Salancik Pfeffer, 1978). Though almost all situations have implicit expectations concerning which emotions are appropriate or inappropriate to express (Ekman, 1973), employees frequently display certain emotions in the workplace in relation to organization-specific situations or events (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995; Martin, Knopoff Beckman, 1998) and as a way of fulfilling their roles (Hoschchild, 1983; Rafaeli Sutton, 1991; Van Maanen Kunda, 1989). Therefore we can deduce that emotion expression may influence organizational decision making by shaping individuals beliefs about the social environment (Baron, 1992). Beliefs concerning emotions expressed in the workplace can affect decision making behaviour by acting as a perceptual lens to determine what is salient to an individual in a particular situation (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Organizational decision making often occurs in the context of ambiguous cues (Bronckner, 1992; Staw, 1997) Organisational decision making often occurs in the context of complex and ambigious cues (Brockner, 1992; Staw, 1997). Because the decision making context is marked by uncertainty, decision makers behaviour is likely to be strongly influenced by cues in the social environment (Taylor, 1979). Coworkers emotion expressions can shape employees beliefs about what is expected, what is acceptable, and the possible consequences of things going wrong. In this way, emotion expression norms do not have a direct influence on decision making. Rather norms influence individuals beliefs about the social environment. Emotional fit will help an employee keep his/her emotional resources at optimum levels. The deviation between the activation levels of affective trait and emotional climate will make the workplace emotionally draining environment for the employee. (Gardner and Cummings, 1988). An important topic in the psychology of emotions is whether an emotional experience and reactions result from innate biological patterns or whether such reactions and experiences are culturally determined. Charles Darwin (1872) was one of the most influential in this discussion, arguing for innate emotion programmes and using an intriguing multitude of research tools now common in cross cultural psychology, such as observations and questionnaires. Other theories of emotion including Tomkins (1962/1963), Izard (1977) and Ekman (1984), followed his line of reasoning and succeeded in demonstrating cross-cultural equivalents of facial expression patterns for some fundamental emotions. On one hand, cultural relativists like Birdwhistell (1970), have proposed that emotional experiences and reactions differ depending on cultural factors. These include the following aspects namely: the nature of the emotion eliciting the situation (in particular psychological symptoms, nonverbal reactions li ke facial or vocal expressions, subjective experiences or feeling state of a person and the regulation attempts used to control or manage the situation and the emotional reactions (Wallbott and Scherer, 1985,pp 763-764). That is, in order to address the question of universality versus cultural specificity of emotion, one has to demonstrate conclusively that situations eliciting specific emotions are the same across cultures, that reactions and symptom patterns accompanying emotional experiences are universal, and that control and coping attempts used to regulate emotional experience are the same worldwide. The above demonstrates the importance of having an emotional fit as well as the importance of emotions in the workplace. Emotions are seen as one of the basic functions of the human psyche and therefore play a central role in psychology (Salovey Mayer, 1990), especially in work and organisational psychology, both in theoretical and applied settings. Emotions exist in everyday workplaces and they impact on peoples performance. Because this impact can sometimes be detrimental, a belief in relegating emotions behind the rule of logic and reason is deeply engrained in modern managers psyche. In truth, this belief goes all the way back to the teachings of Plato who saw logic as the path to objective truth, while emotions were simply irrational temptations to be avoided. This belief was entrenched in the principles of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century, and continues to permeate modern society (Kapp, 2000). Emotion has represented a tantalizing subject for social inquiry because it appears to tell us about our true selves : the self that , after all the thinking an d the interacting are done, feeling the welling up of rage , the tender pangs of love , the black emptiness of despair. (Boellstorff Lindquist , 2004). The function of emotion evolves into a process that not only permits the evaluation of the consequences of another behaviour but also aids in the prediction of anothers emotional behaviour. (Darwin, 2005). Being as we spend most of our time at work, it is important to understand the impact that emotions will have on our fit to an organisation emotionally, the link between emotion and climate of an organization as well as copying responses to an exhausting environment. Emotional fit will help an employee keep his /her emotional resources at optimum levels. The deviation between activation levels of affective trait and emotional climate will make the workplace an emotionally draining environment for the employee. This proposition is line with the activation theory. Activation theory holds that every individual has characteristic level of activation that he/she is motivated to maintain in his/her environment. Assuming that emotional climate has an influence on employees affective experiences at work and considering the strongly intertwined relationship between activation and emotion, it is plausible to argue that the emotional climate of a workplace comprises a force that can influence the experienced activation level of employees in the workplace. (Maslach, 1982). When there is an emotional fit, as a copying response to the exhausting impact of the workplace, the employee will attempt to emotionally detach himself/herself from other people and develop a depersonalized response to them (Cordes and Dougherty, 1993). This tendency will be reflected in the way the employee expresses emotions whilst interacting with others at work. Specifically, when there is a misfit between an employees affective trait and the emotional climate of his/her workplace, the employee will engage in surface acting while interacting with others, which refers to altering ones displayed emotions to be able to express the desired behaviours at work (Hochschild, 1983). Supporting this argument, prior research has suggested that surface acting can be utilized by employees as a way of buffering themselves from emotional exhaustion. (Conrad and Witte, 1994) When an employees emotional resources are depleted as a result of emotional misfit, this will increase his/her tendency to psychologically and physically withdraw from work. From an employees intention to get back to his/her characteristics level of activation altered by the impact of emotional climate. When the work environment becomes psychologically uncomfortable, the employees often try to psychologically withdraw from the work environment by engaging in a number of non work related activities, such as daydreaming and spending time on personal matters (Lehman and Simpson, 1992). When there is an emotional misfit, the employees task performance will decrease because the excessive amount of tension and stress experienced by the emotionally exhausted employee (Maslach and Jackson, 1981) hinders his/her cognitive and attention capacity to perform his/her task effectively. (Eysenck, 1983). Emotional exhaustion has also been considered to result in lower level of self-efficacy expectations (Brief and Aldag, 1981) and reduced sense of personal adequacy, both of which are elements of task performance. (Maslach, 1982). We can thus assume that the expression of emotions in organisational life can have important consequences for the person displaying the emotion as well as for the person who is the target of this display. (Rafaeli Sutton, 1989). The impact of culture on emotions According to Frijda and Mesquita (1995), cultural influences on the emotions process are mediated to a larger extent by the significance an emotion has for an individual. Frijda and Mesquita distinguished among three aspects of emotion that are culturally influences. Frijda and Mesquita distinguished three aspects of emotion that are culturally influenced. First they are considered social consequences of emotions that regulates social expression and suppression of emotions. Second they stressed the importance of norms for experiencing different emotions. Thirdly they discussed social- cohesive function of emotions. Several ethnographic emotions, particularly in how the expressions of emotions is valued. There are strong cultural difference in display rules (Ekman Friesan, 1969; Izard, 1980) that are learning when going through the socialisation process (Saarni, 1999). There are also cultural differences in the norms for experiencing different emotions. (Hoschild, 1093). This would be relevant to the discussion regarding social norms that describe how people should feel in specific situations, eg., on a wedding day or at a funeral. In addition to the situational feeling rules, norms for the experience of emotions can also be present in a society in the form of generalized expectations. This means that the emotions can differ in their desirability and perceived appropriateness across situations. The emotion climate of nations can be characterized by generalized norms for experiencing different emotions an the fact that these norms are subject to historical change. (Stearns, 1994; Stearns Lewis, 1998).
Monday, August 19, 2019
Ironies and Paradoxes :: Literary Writing Essays
Ironies and Paradoxes ABSTRACT: In contemporary literary culture there is a widespread belief that ironies and paradoxes are closely akin. This is due to the importance that is given to the use of language in contemporary estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to embody the sorts of a linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the dominant criteria of literary value. The association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and more specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a manner that was unconventional, even eccentric, and that differed significantly from their use in figurative theory. I therefore examine irony and paradox as verbal figures, noting their characteristic features and criteria, and, in particular, how they differ from one another (for instance, a paradox means exactly what it says whereas an irony does not). I argue that irony and paradox â⠂¬â€ as understood by Brooks  have important affinities with irony and paradox as figures, but that they must be regarded as quite distinct, both in figurative theory and in Brooks’ extended sense. In contemporary literary culture there is a widespread belief, or feeling, that ironies and paradoxes are closely akin. This is due in part to the huge importance that is given to the use of language in contemporary descriptions and estimations of literature. Ironies and paradoxes seem to reflect and embody the sorts of linguistic rebellion, innovation, deviation, and play, that have throughout this century become the dominant criteria of literary value. The explicit association of irony with paradox, and of both with literature, is often ascribed to the New Criticism, and more specifically to Cleanth Brooks. Brooks, however, used the two terms in a manner that was unconventional, even eccentric. He seemed to think of irony as a principle of order and unity: not so much a feature of language or meaning as a sort of coherence yoking disparate elements together, rather like Aristotle's conception of wholeness and integrity in Poetics 8 (Brooks 1951). As for paradox, Brooks seemed to regard it as a quality in language very like Viktor Shklovsky's defamiliarisation: that is, a deviation from conventional language designed to wrench our perceptions and our thoughts into unaccustomed, and therefore enlightening, pathways. Paradox, in this view, is a device which compensates for the limitations of conventional language, and is thus the only way in which poets can express the unconventional insights that are their stock in trade.
Traditional Schools versus Charter Schools Essay -- Education
Education is a very important aspect in society and is valued by parents, politicians, educators, and others in the community. The education of children is a vital role in any organized system because the future depends on those who are young to take over in the cycle of society. The institutions that provide children with an education can be divided into two categories known as traditional public schools and nontraditional schools. Nontraditional schools provide students with different learning environments compared to traditional schools and some specific examples of these schools are magnet schools, charter schools, and virtual schools (Newberry). All of these schools are relatively new and have controversial views across the country. A charter school is a public elementary or secondary school that is independent from the local school district and is able to operate due to a state charter that is issued when the institution opens. This type of school lacks various rules and regul ations that are set by the district in traditional schools and allows flexibility and new teaching methods to be used. Each type of school has different benefits that enable the school to function, but there are many arguments that analyze which type of school is more suitable for the education of children across the country. Charter schools have a lot of potential benefits that provide the students with an exceptional education and create satisfaction with the parents in the community. A charter school uses a very unique system to create the foundation of the institution. A charter is issued from the state and is put together by politicians, teachers, and parents in the community. As a result, every charter school is able to invent their own guidel... ...th, Mary. "Public Schools vs. Charter Schools." Education Bug. N.p., 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. public-schools-vs--charter-schools.html>. - - -. "Public Schools Vs. Charter Schools." Education Bug. N.p., 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. public-schools-vs--charter-schools.html>. Newberry, Jennifer. "Understanding Nontraditional Schools: K-State Education Expert Looks at Some Alternatives to Public Schools." K-State Perspective. N.p., Summer 2005. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. webzine/backtoschool/nontraditional.html>. Shilling, Ali. "The New York City Debate." Department of Psychology. Univesity of Michigan, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. finalshilling.356/the_debate__charter_vs._public_schools_in_nyc>.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
othello Essay example -- essays research papers
jealousy In the play Othello, jealousy is shown to be very evident through the actions of the characters. Jealousy is an emotion that everyone shares, and it is ultimately responsible for the tragic ending of the play. Everyone feels jealous at certain times of their lives, and this feeling can cause people to do irrational things. This human emotion also shows people to be weak in the sense that they are never happy with what they have. Shakespeare shows through Othello, Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio that jealousy is the most corrupt and destructive emotion. Othello is horribly jealous of what he thinks is going on between his wife and Cassio. This poisonous feeling turns Othello into a mad man and he strikes his wife. Jealousy causes people to act incredibly different. People that are almost always reserved and sincere can become crazy because of jealousy. Othello kills his wife because he feels that if he can’t have her, nobody can. This is a very selfish action that Othello takes. He determines his wife’s fatal fate just because he is jealous. People often think only for themselves when they are jealous. This shows humans to be selfish when their emotions are intense.      There is almost no worse feeling that being very jealous of someone or something. People will risk almost anything to get rid of this disastrous feeling. Jealously causes people to act irrationally and irresponsibly. This is a feeling that always comes up throughout everybody...
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Jimi Hendrix and His Life Accomplishments Essay
Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential and talented musicians of the 20th century, and through his work he made rock music what it is today. His talent with a guitar was what made him so popular in his own time. The reason he became a rock and roll legend in the 20th century was because of his new style, outrageous performances and his powerful lyrics which captivated his audiences. His new style of music involved, â€Å"†¦the extensive use but sensitively nuanced use of feedback, distortion, and other electronically manipulated sound effects.†(â€Å"Hendrix, Jimi†). Some found the performances he put on to be crazy or insane, but his fans found them to be inspiring. Nevertheless, â€Å"The true power of his genius lay in his musical and lyrical candor.†(Fricke). On November 27, 1942 at 10:15 Johnny Allen Hendrix was born in King County Hospital. Johnny’s name was changed 4 years later to James Marshal Hendrix, the name he is better know by today. Just a few months after Jimi turned 16 his mother Lucille died. Jimi got his first guitar later in the year of his mother’s death. (â€Å"Time Line†) Many people think his heartbreak over his mother’s death is why Jimi turned to the guitar and writing music because, â€Å"At its core, Hendrix’s music was all about the blues.†(Fricke). A year later in 1959 Jimi played in his first concert with â€Å"The Velvetones†. Then Jimi dropped out of high school to join the army. He was only in the army for about 3 months because he got injured during a mission and was discharged. Less than a year after being discharged from the army Jimi began to play on the R & B circuit. After about 4 years of that Jimi formed his own band called â€Å"Jimmy James and The B lue Flames†. In this band is where he was discovered by a man named Chas Chandler. (â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Biography†) Then on October 6, 1966 Jimi Hendrix’s most popular band was formed, â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Experience†. Over the course of about 2 years the Jimi Hendrix Experience released their 1st, 2nd and 3rd singles. They also toured in the UK, US, with the Monkeys and Jimi had his now legendary performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. In late 1968 and early 1969 Jimi received Artist Of The Year, Performer Of The Year, and World Top Musician awards. Jimi Hendrix’s career then began a downfall as the Jimi Hendrix Experience broke up and Jimi got arrested in Toronto. Jimi formed his last band called Band Of Gypsys and they played a few big concerts in 1970. Then Jimi played his biggest concert in front of 500,000 people at the Atlanta Pop Festival on July 4, 1970. Jimi Hendrix’s last concert was at the Isle of Fehmarn in Germany. Jimi died on September 18, 1970 and just the day before Jimi wrote his last song entitled â€Å"The Story of Life†. (â€Å"Time Line†) There were many great musicians in the 20th century, and some people believe that they have had a greater influence than Jimi Hendrix on rock today. There were the Beatles, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones and many other amazing musicians. Each of these artists also produced anywhere from 10-30 albums in their careers and, â€Å"†¦in his life time Jimi Hendrix officially released only three studio albums†(Fricke) With so little music produced for the public how could he have influenced rock in any way at all. There are also other people who think Jimi Hendrix was a bad influence. Jimi Hendrix ran into many problems with the law involving his use of drugs and his anger problems. Some people feel that if someone influential is using drugs or committing violent acts this is influencing fans and followers in a wrong and potentially harmful way. There are also people who probably just didn’t like his music. â€Å"The furor Hendrix created upon his arrival on the London pop scene was unprecedented.†(Fricke) His new style of using lots of electronic sound effects was very different and new, and to some people probably it just sounded like a bunch of noise. If anything, some felt his influence changed rock for the worse. It is definitely true that there were many great musicians that played a part in influencing rock music and making it what it is today. Those musicians also wrote more albums and had more popular songs than Jimi Hendrix. But having many albums and popular songs isn’t what really influenced the development of rock music or the people who played and wrote rock music. What really influences something is a new and unique style, and that is exactly what Jimi Hendrix provided. He, â€Å"did not conform to British fantasies of sharpdressing soul belters grizzled old bluesmen, who played rock & roll guitar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Fricke). The way he took control during a concert using his pure talent with a guitar and the new style he had in his heart, changed the way concerts were to be performed forever. Jimi Hendrix did have a few flaws in his personality, but that doesn’t change his influence in the slightest. His influence came directly from his music and this part of him was flawless. â€Å"†¦simply pulling sounds out of the air and taming them into one seamless whole, accomplishing it with unassailable daring.†(Mitchell) Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential and talented musicians of the 20th century, and through his work he has made rock music what it is today. The combination of that creative drive with his stunning technique, sonic imagination and ingenious, painterly exploitation of effects like wah-wah, feedback, distortion and sheer earthquaking volume transformed rock & roll  and its primary instrument, the electric guitar –forever. Hendrix left an indelible, fiercely individual mark on popular music, accelerating rock’s already dynamic rate of change in the late Sixties with his revolutionary synthesis of guitar violence, improvisational nerve, spacey melodic reveries and a confessional intensity born of the blues. (Fricke) Although Jimi Hendrix didn’t affect any other fields other than rock music directly, his influence on rock music continues to effect the world today. Many people have various aspects to their personality and Jimi Hendrix was definitely one of them. On his one side he had serious drug and anger problems. This side of him, obviously the bad one, was not the side his fans thought of when they saw his poster on their wall. They thought of his flawless other side in which he was an amazing guitarist, song writer and performer. Jimi Hendrix loved to write music and play his guitar more than anything else in the world, â€Å"For Hendrix it was the substance of life.†(Fricke). Work Cited Fricke, David. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix: The Greatest Guitarist of All Time.†Rolling Stone. February 6, 1992 â€Å"Hendrix, Jimi.†The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University press, 2003. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Biography.†We’ll Always Remember Jimi Hendrix. (1 December, 2003) Mitchell, Elvis. â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Again, Going Out With a Bang.†New York Times. October 6 2001, :A20 â€Å"Time Line†. Jimi Hendrix Online Archive. (3 December, 2003)
Friday, August 16, 2019
Mini Case Luxury Wars Essay
Hermes decided to list 25% of Hermes SA on the French stock market in 1993. This was done to provide family members with a means to value their stake in the company as well as partially cash-out if they felt their family dividends were not enough. 2.LVMH was able to attain such a large ownership position without the knowledge of Hermes family and management through equity swaps. Equity swaps are derivative contracts whereby two parties enter into a contract to swap future cash flows at a preset date. The cash flows are referred to as â€Å"legs†of the swap. In most equity swaps, one leg is tied to a floating rate like LIBOR (the floating leg), and the other leg is tied to the performance of a stock or stock index (the equity leg). It is also possible for an equity swap to have two equity legs. LVMH was able to avoid French regulations requiring disclosure of this type of position through tying only their value to the equity instrument and at maturity, the contract would be settled in cash and not shares. The contract is worded so that LFMH would have the â€Å"option†to take the shares as opposed to the contract requiring share settlement, which in the case of the latter, under French law, LVMH would have had to make a public disclosure. 3.In December 2010, the Hermes family decided to confirm its long-term unity by creating a family holding company separate from Emile Hermes SARL, which will hold the shares transferred by family members representing over 50% of Hermes International’s share capital. The family’s commitment to create this majority holding company is irrevocable. The new family-owned company will benefit from preferential rights to shares still directly owned by the family. This would ensure that their 73% ownership stake would always vote as one voice and ultimately secure the family’s continued control of the company. This holdings structure will last indefinitely as this majority holding will not allow outsiders to take over through equity swaps.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Organizational Culture, Business Strategy and HR Practices affect diverse teams‘ performance Essay
The Later Findings: Organizational Culture, Business Strategy and HR Practices affect diverse teams‘ performance Effects of Organizational Culture and Business Strategies Effects of Organizational Culture and Business Strategies Diverse groups show a higher level of performance in a people-oriented culture Educationally diverse groups perform better within a growth-oriented business strategy Educationally diverse groups perform worse within a stability-oriented business strategy Growth-oriented cultures need creativity and innovation, this is provided through a diverse group Diverse work teams need an appropriate work environment (innovative, creative, group ID) Effects of HR Practices Members of diverse groups are generally rewarded higher in stock options within a diversity-oriented HR environment Companies, which manage diversity well are well managed overall Good diversity management is provided through a strong support from the CEO The Expanded, Nuanced Leadership Role 2050 non-whites will be the majority in the USA Specific and practical recommendations for leaders of diverse teams: 1. Be attuned to issues of social category diversity and identity groups Reflecting about the own social identity, about the one of others and the associated reactions to it 2. Keep refining and developing your own emotional and social intelligence Becoming more aware of the own strength and weaknesses, be aware of the own mood and how to manage it. A high level of self-awareness and flexibility are vital for social intelligence. Be aware about your own verbal and non-verbal language and try to manage them well. Be able to adapt to different cultures and gain crucial knowledge about them. 3. Focus on the diversity values of the team, early and often A good performance is provided through an early alignment of vision and values. 4. Create a strong team identity or brand Team leaders need to build the team’s identity and connection to the organization. Shorthand identification, which can be repeated and demonstrated until it becomes accepted and well known. 5. Hone your skills at having tough conversations See conflict as creative tension that can build positive results. 6. Focus on building organizational culture and human resource practices that are needed to translate diversity into positive results Ensure that a suitable work environment, business strategy and HR practices are in place for diverse teams.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Business and the Bill of Rights
Business and The Bill of Rights Cheryl Anderson BUS 220 Prof. T. Daniel. Browning Pima Community College March 5, 2013 â€Å"I plead the 5th! †That phrase is heard from the mouths of children as well as adults. It has become a cliche. Children learn early in life what the phrase means and how and when to use it. They use it as a tool to keep themselves out of trouble or to keep from having to tattle on a sibling or friend.As children advance in their education, they study American history and are surprised to find that phrase comes from a very old document that the founding fathers of our country drafted and set into place as an integral part of our government’s system of law. That document is called the â€Å"Bill of Rights†. The statement, â€Å"I plead the 5th†is a reference to the Fifth Amendment from that document in which a citizen is protected by law from self-incrimination. There are now 27 amendments to the U. S. constitution, but the first 10 a re collectively called the Bill of Rights.James Madison who was part of the very first Congress led the charge in drafting The Bill of Rights in 1789, and the amendments officially became law in 1791. They were established to protect the American citizens against certain interferences from the federal government. (The Bill of Rights, 2012) A summary of these inalienable rights or guarantees is listed below. 1. Guarantees the freedom of speech, religion, press, and peaceful assembly 2. Guarantees the right to keep and bear arms 3. Guarantees the right to not be forced by the government to house and feed soldiers in peacetime 4.Guarantees the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures of our homes, our bodies, or our property, conducted by government officials 5. Guarantees the right to indictment by grand jury, to due process of law, and prohibits compulsory self-incrimination and double jeopardy 6. Guarantees the right to a speedy trial, and to be represented by a l awyer, have the chance to challenge prosecution witnesses, call witnesses for our defense, and have a trial by jury of our peers if charged with a crime 7. Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in a civil case involving at least twenty dollars 8.Prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment 9. Guarantees people have rights not specified in the Constitution 10. Establishes that those powers neither delegated to the federal government nor denied to the states are reserved for the states (Miller, 2013) Each Amendment is a study in itself, but this paper will focus on some of the effects the Bill of Rights has on businesses. Courts recognize that corporations take on many of the characteristics of a person; therefore several of the rights apply to businesses.The role and influence of corporations in the political realm has continued to expand over the past 100 years. An example of the influence a corporation can have in politics and in fighting for the rights of the American people is the current debate over the 2nd Amendment, the right to keep and bear arms. Gun manufacturers and sporting goods retailers are taking a stand against the recent gun control legislation being passed in New York and other jurisdictions around the country, by refusing to sell or severely limit the sale of firearms in these jurisdictions including sales to state officials like the police department.LaRue Tactical made the following announcement: â€Å"Effective today, in an effort to see that no legal mistakes are made by LaRue Tactical and/or its employees, we will apply all current State and Local Laws (as applied to civilians) to state and local law enforcement / government agencies. In other words, LaRue Tactical will limit all sales to what law-abiding citizens residing in their districts can purchase or possess. †(Party, 2013) In many respects large companies can have a greater influence on the overnment than individual citizens, and the indivi dual citizens can show their support of the corporations by shopping at their establishments. The freedom of religion clause of the 1st Amendment has been under attack in regards to Hobby Lobby, a family owned successful retail chain. The company faces heavy fines for their refusal to comply with the ObamaCare directives which state the company has to finance certain drugs that the FDA notes can terminate pregnancy after conception.The owners of Hobby Lobby are Christians and these drugs go against their beliefs in the area of abortion. By forcing corporations to include these drugs in their health plans, it is forcing corporations to finance infidelity. (Flax, 2013) By insisting corporations must finance these drugs, the government is dictating what is acceptable in society instead of letting the beliefs of the company’s owner decide what benefits they will provide to their employees. The government is overstepping its boundaries.Businesses that are willing to take a stand a gainst the government and protect their rights ultimately are protecting the rights of the American people. It is not always easy for a corporation to take a stand. It can have severe consequences to their business. David Green, CEO and founder of Hobby Lobby is racking up millions of dollars in fines by not conceding to the government’s mandate. Yet, he believes that what the government is trying to do go against his rights as an American business owner and as an American citizen.It is people like David Green that helped make America what it is today; people not afraid to risk it all in order to have freedom. Works Cited The Bill of Rights. (2012, August 2). Retrieved February 25, 2013, from RevolutionaryWaranbBeyond. com: http://www. revolutionary-war-and-beyond. com/first-ten-amendments. html Miller, R. L. (2013). The Legal Environment Today. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Party, T. (2013, February 16). Gun Companies Refuse Sales to State Governments with Strict Gun Laws. Re trieved Feruary 18, 2013, from Tea Party. org:
Tuesday, August 13, 2019
Comparative public sector management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Comparative public sector management - Essay Example The elements of public management are tools that maximise efficiency of public management and are applicable to the private and public domains. There are many theories that provide a framework for public policy, and their application is varied depending on the context (Khaleghian & Gupta 2005, pp 1083-1099). Public policy is often characterised by dynamic, complex and interactive systems. It is through these systems that the problems affecting the public are identified and solved. The most basic solutions in this line are usually the formulation of new policies that reform the existing ways of doing things and as such increase the connectedness of the government and other players to the public. Using a theoretic approach to formulation and implementation of public policy prevents the use of fantasy, unreal and phantasm approaches to service to the public (Kapucu 2009, pp 1187-1190). Phallocentric perspective refers to the concept that directs perceptive as predominantly male-oriented of favouring. Some of the public policies in education especially in areas where inequalities in education have been an issue have been seen as inclined towards favouring men. A feministic approach in the opposite of this, it refers to the recognition of women as an important and independent entity in the development. Free primary education in Australia is a public sector policy that has been effective in ensuring a boost to the females who missed education opportunities in the past due to cultural and economic barriers (Kapucu 2009). In is very necessary that public policies are set aside from politics. This is because most of the political activities are designed to provide administrative powers, and rule over people, the public policy, on the other hand, are meant to provide public service and management in a non-profit approach from the government and other stakeholders in the selected issue. The
Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Franchising Essay
Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Franchising - Essay Example The franchise raises operations money and manages the business operations. In franchising mode of business, someone else does establishment of the business for another. The franchise shares the business expertise for a financial consideration with the franchise. Franchising can be of different types. There is one where a business is developed much earlier on especially with existing products and the manufacturer grants right to sell the products to the franchise. The other is the franchise where franchiser allows the franchisee to utilize a special recipe or process as well as the name of the franchiser. Today, the format of business type of ownership is constituted by franchising where franchisers do not only grant the right to sell products and services or its name, but also transfers totally the way of operating the business developed such as management methods, operating, training and marketing systems, as well as technical experience and expertise (Sherman, 2007). The franchise is also extensively trained by franchiser as well as offer an ongoing support. Buying a franchise may as well be a feasible and/ or viable alternative to establishing a new business. The primary benefit associated with franchising is the minimization of risks. Establishing a new business is often very risky. New business risk failure within their first three years of operation, this is because the owners still have to experience the sustainability curve of operations. Franchising, however, minimizes these risks since it’s already established. Franchisors also provide much information to the franchisees before any investment is made in the business. This enables the franchisees to try if the business if fit for them or not.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)